Farm words glossary

Used in: America, Canada (and older titles in Australia and NZ)

A unit of land area: about 0.405 hectares, or 4,047 square metres. One hectare is about 2.47 acres.

Convert acres and hectares

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

Paying to graze your livestock on someone else's land for a while, usually charged per head per week.

Also called: Custom grazing or pasture lease (America, Canada)

Livestock services

Used in: America, Canada

A grazing measure: the forage one mature cow (traditionally about 1,000 lb, with or without a calf) eats in a month. Used to set stocking rates and grazing leases.

Used in: New Zealand, Australia

The average amount of pasture on the farm, in kg of dry matter per hectare, worked out from a farm walk: each paddock's cover times its area, added up, divided by the total area. Tracked weekly to see whether feed is building or falling.

Work out your pasture cover

Used in: America, Canada, Australia

Growing weaned calves on pasture or forage until they are heavy enough to go to a feedlot or be finished.

Used in: America, Canada

A grain measure. It is a volume, but grain is traded by a standard weight per bushel that depends on the crop - for example 60 lb for wheat and soybeans, 56 lb for corn.

Used in: Auctions everywhere

A fee, usually a percentage, that the buyer pays the auctioneer on top of the hammer price. Always check the sale terms before you bid.

Auction services

Used in: Australia

How Australian cattle and sheep prices are quoted: cents per kilogram of live weight (lwt), or of carcase weight (cwt) after dressing. Not to be confused with the American cwt (hundredweight).

Also called: $/cwt (America, Canada)

Convert livestock prices

Used in: Australia, NZ (spelled "carcass" in America, Canada)

The weight of an animal after slaughter and dressing (hide, head, feet and organs removed).

Also called: Dressed weight, hot carcass weight

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

An on-farm auction of machinery, tools, equipment and sometimes stock - often when a farm is sold, leased out or someone retires.

Also called: Farm auction or estate sale (America, Canada)

Auction services

Used in: America, Canada

In America and Canada, 100 lb (about 45.4 kg). US cattle prices are usually quoted in dollars per cwt. The old British hundredweight is 112 lb.

Convert $/cwt to c/kg

Used in: Everywhere

The sale of a whole herd or flock, for example when a farmer retires or changes enterprise.

Used in: Everywhere

Carcase weight divided by live weight, times 100. It varies with the animal, how full it was and how it is processed.

Also called: Yield

Used in: Everywhere

What is left of a feed once all the water is taken out. Feed needs and feed tests are usually given in dry matter, so wet feeds like silage go less far per tonne than hay or grain.

Work out a feed budget

Used in: Australia

A way to compare the feed needs of different stock: roughly what one mature, non-breeding sheep needs to keep its weight. Larger or breeding animals count as several DSE.

Also called: Stock unit (New Zealand), animal unit (America, Canada)

Used in: New Zealand

What a milk company pays dairy farmers for their milk, in dollars per kg of milksolids ($/kgMS). Fonterra forecasts it as a range during the season and confirms it after the season ends; it is paid through advance payments as the season goes. Other milk companies set their own price.

Also called: Milk price, payout

What the milk price means for you

Used in: New Zealand, Australia

A bar chart of every paddock's pasture cover from highest to lowest, drawn against a target line from the pre-grazing cover down to the residual. Paddocks above the line point to a surplus (often taken for silage), below the line to a shortfall.

Draw your feed wedge

Used in: America, Canada

Young cattle sold to be grown out or fattened further, rather than for slaughter straight away.

Also called: Store cattle (Australia, New Zealand)

Livestock services

Used in: Everywhere

A yard where cattle (or sheep) are fed a grain-based ration for a set number of days to finish them for market.

Used in: Everywhere

Cattle that have reached market weight and condition and are ready for processing.

Also called: Prime or fat cattle (Australia, New Zealand), fed cattle (America)

Used in: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji

Owning land outright, with no end date - as opposed to leasehold, where you hold the land for a set term.

Also called: Fee simple (America, Canada)

Real estate services

Used in: Auctions everywhere

The winning bid when the auctioneer's hammer falls - before any buyer's premium, GST, VAT or other charges.

Used in: Australia

The machine that cuts, threshes and cleans grain crops in one pass. In America "header" usually means just the front that cuts the crop.

Also called: Combine or combine harvester (America, Canada, New Zealand)

Machinery services

Used in: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, the Philippines (and alongside acres in Canada)

A metric unit of land area: 10,000 square metres, or about 2.47 acres. 100 hectares make one square kilometre.

In te reo Māori: heketea (hectare)

Convert hectares and acres

Used in: Everywhere

A young female bovine that has not yet had a calf (some markets also use it for a cow with her first calf).

In te reo Māori: kūao kau uha (heifer)

Used in: Fiji

Land owned by Fiji's indigenous landowning units. It covers most of Fiji and is generally leased (through the iTaukei Land Trust Board) rather than sold.

Real estate services

Used in: Everywhere

Holding land or a building for a set number of years under a lease, rather than owning it outright.

Used in: Auctions everywhere

One item or group of items sold together at an auction, each with its own lot number.

Used in: Australia, New Zealand, UK

The energy in a feed that an animal can use, usually given in megajoules per kilogram of dry matter (MJ/kg DM) on a feed test. It is used to compare feeds and to work out how much energy stock are getting.

Also called: Often compared with TDN or NE in America and Canada

Compare feed costs per MJ

Used in: New Zealand

The fat and protein in milk, in kilograms. New Zealand dairy farmers are paid on kg milksolids, not litres. The national average was 414 kgMS per cow in 2024/25 (New Zealand Dairy Statistics, LIC and DairyNZ).

Also called: Milk solids, MS

Work out your milk income

Used in: New Zealand

The National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme: cattle and deer are tagged with RFID ear tags and registered, and their movements recorded.

Used in: Australia

The National Livestock Identification System: cattle carry electronic (RFID) ear tags, and sheep and goats are identified too, so animals can be traced from property to property.

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

A fenced area of a farm used for grazing or crops.

Also called: Field or pasture (America, Canada)

In te reo Māori: pātiki (paddock, field)

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

When a property or item at auction does not reach the seller's reserve price, so it is not sold under the hammer. Talks with the highest bidder often follow.

Also called: No sale / bought in

Auction services

Used in: Everywhere

The splined shaft on a tractor that drives implements like mowers, balers and pumps. Check the PTO speed (540 or 1,000 rpm) matches the implement.

Machinery services

Used in: Auctions everywhere

The lowest price the seller will accept. It is usually kept secret; if bidding does not reach it, the item is passed in.

Used in: Everywhere

Grass or crops cut green and stored airtight (in pits, bunkers or wrapped bales) so they ferment and keep. Haylage is drier than silage; hay is dried in the paddock before baling.

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

A large pastoral property that runs cattle or sheep, often over thousands of hectares.

Also called: Ranch (America, Canada)

Real estate services

Used in: Everywhere

A male bovine castrated when young, usually raised for beef.

Also called: Bullock (for older steers in Australia, NZ and Britain)

Used in: New Zealand

New Zealand's way to compare the feed needs of different stock: one SU is roughly what a 55 kg ewe rearing a single lamb eats in a year (about 550 kg of pasture dry matter). A dairy cow is about 6–8 SU, a beef cow about 4.5–6.

Also called: DSE (Australia), animal unit (America, Canada)

Work out your stock units

Used in: Everywhere

How many animals a piece of land carries over time - for example DSE per hectare in Australia or AUMs per acre in America.

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

The hydraulic arms on the back of a tractor that lift and hold implements. Categories (1 to 4) must match between tractor and implement.

Also called: Three-point hitch (America, Canada)

Used in: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, the Philippines, Canada

A metric tonne is 1,000 kg. A US "short" ton is 2,000 lb (about 907 kg) and a British "long" ton is 2,240 lb (about 1,016 kg).

Also called: Metric ton

Convert tonnes, tons and lb

Used in: Everywhere

The weight in grams of 1,000 seeds. It differs between crops, varieties and seed lots, so it is used to turn a target number of plants into a seeding rate in kg/ha.

Also called: Seed weight, 1,000-kernel weight

Work out a seeding rate

Used in: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji

A light vehicle with an open tray or tub at the back - the everyday farm vehicle.

Also called: Pickup or pickup truck (America, Canada)

Machinery services

Used in: Everywhere

How much spray mix (water plus product) a sprayer puts out per hectare or acre, usually in L/ha or gal/ac. The product label often gives the range to use; calibrating the sprayer checks what it really puts out.

Also called: Carrier volume, spray volume, gallons per acre (America)

Work out a spray tank mix

Used in: Australia, New Zealand

A young animal recently taken off its mother's milk - for cattle usually around 6 to 10 months old.

Also called: Weaned calf or lamb (America, Canada)

Used in: Everywhere

An animal about one to two years old. In Australian cattle markets yearlings are young cattle sold at lighter weights.